les différents types d'agriculture à madagascar

Land use statistics for Madagascar. They construct rice paddies on narrow terraces ascending the sides of steep valleys in the southern portion of the central highlands, creating an intricate landscape reminiscent of Indonesia or the Philippines. Many varieties of dry, wet, and irrigated rice are grown in the central plateau; dry rice is also grown in the eastern forests and wet rice in the lower river valleys and along the estuaries, mainly by populations who migrated from overpopulated parts of the plateau. Viloteau, Nicole. Area of agricultural lands - arable land, permanent crops, permanent meadows and pastures. There is also a growing modern poultry industry around the main cities. LOI n° 2007-037 du 14 Janvier 2008 sur les Zones et Entreprises Franches à Madagascar LOI n° 51-59 du 18 janvier 1951 relative au nantissement de l’outillage et du matériel d’équipement LOI n° 71-011 du 30 juin 1971 portant réglementation des maisons de jeux et fixant le régime fiscal de ces maisons (J.O. Lima beans (also known as Cape peas) are raised by this system on the Mangoky River system delta, along with tobacco and a number of newer crops. Because the slash-and-burn method destroys the forest and other vegetation cover, and promotes erosion, it has been declared illegal. Conservation must be combined with sustainable agriculture in Madagascar. Rice production grew by less than 1 percent per year during the 1970–79 period, despite the expansion of the cultivated paddy area by more than 3 percent per year. L’agriculture est également tributaire des conditions climatiques, en particulier des cyclones qui produisent de graves dégâts de manière récurrente. Search the world's information, including webpages, images, videos and more. It is mainly planted in a terraced paddy system in the central highlands. About five per cent of the land area is cultivated at any given time, of which 16 per cent is irrigated. Quel type d'agriculture est liée au secteur agroalimentaire? In 1990 the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN estimated that Madagascar had 10.3 million cattle, 1.7 million sheep and goats, and some 21 million chickens. The average farm size is 1.3 hectares, with most farmers practising subsistence agriculture. The prospects are also good for promoting greater levels of fish cultivation in the rice paddies, and exports of other fish products, most notably crab, tuna, and lobster, have been rising. Plan Cadre des Nations Unies pour l’Assistance au Développement UNDAF Madagascar 2008–2011, Juin 2007, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Madagascar&oldid=990700900, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 26 November 2020, at 00:57. Comparatif des différents statuts juridiques d’entreprise à Madagascar Tableau de comparaison des différents statuts juridiques de société à Madagascar. The Betsileo are probably the most efficient traditional rice farmers. The remainder of the area is under pastures (37.3 million ha)[4] and forest (13 million ha). In 2008, livestock accounted for 9.7 million of head of cattle, 2 million sheep and goats, 1.4 million pigs, and 26 million poultry. Rice growers responded by moderately expanding production by 9.3 percent during the latter half of the 1980s from 2.18 million tons in 1985 to 2.38 million tons in 1989, and rice imports declined dramatically by 70 percent between 1985 and 1989. Moreover, 50.7 percent (300,000 square kilometers) of the total landmass of 592,000 square kilometers supports livestock rearing, while 16 percent (484,000 hectares) of land under cultivation is irrigated. Despite the penalties, and much to the chagrin of forestry agents, tavy continues to be practiced. Statistical Yearbook 2010, Agricultural Production Table 14. Freedom by a Hair's Breath: Tsimihety in Madagascar, 1992. The smaller trees and brush are cut down and left to dry, then burned just before the rainy season. FAO. Madagascar’s participation in the African Growth and Opportunities Act should also invigorate growth as production accelerates. Les populations rurales pratiquent une agriculture essentiellement vivrière où le riz joue un rôle prépondérant. If the rice is to be sown broadcast, it may be done on the same day as trampling. The 1984–85 agricultural census estimated that 8.7 million people live in the rural areas and that 65 percent of the active poption within these areas lives at the subsistence level. Fishing is popular as a sideline by farmers who supplement their farm produce with fish from freshwater rivers, lakes, and ponds. Blue Ventures. Provided climatic conditions remain favorable the agriculture sector should continue to contribute to growth. Le café, les clous de girofle, la canne à sucre, le sisal, le tabac et la vanille (dont Madagascar est l’un des principaux producteurs au monde) sont destinés à l’exportation. Traditional farming methods vary from one ethnic group or location to another, according to population density, climate, water supply. L'agriculture vivrière L'agriculture vivrière est une agriculture essentiellement tournée vers l'auto-consommation et l'économie de subsistance. les différents sujets de mon rapport ; à savoir tous les producteurs, directeurs, présidents, commerciaux, gérants des groupements, tous les acteurs de la demande, chefs de rayon de la GMS, acheteurs de la restauration collective, consommateurs qui ont répondu à mes interviews. Elles ne subissent aucun stress. Ils sont souvent entrainés par l’eau d’infiltration et peuvent s’accumuler à des niveaux différents dans le sol. Madagascar, island country lying off the southeastern coast of Africa. These remaining pockets of vegetation are highly fragmented due to local and small-scale destruction. Slash-and-burn is a method sometimes used by shifting cultivators to create short term yields from marginal soils. Madagascar - Madagascar - Agriculture, forestry, and fishing: Rice occupies the largest share of total crop acreage. FAO. Coffee prices witnessed a boom during the 1980s, making coffee the leading export crop of the decade; in 1986 coffee earned a record profit of US$151 million. Les réflexions engagées au niveau du secteur environnemental ont abouti en 1996 à la loi GELOSE 5 portant sur le transfert de gestion des ressources naturelles aux communautés locales de base. Statistical Yearbook 2010, Agricultural Production Table 15. In the forested areas of the eastern coast, the Betsimisaraka and Tanala peoples also practice irrigated rice culture where possible. The most intensive form of cultivation is practiced among the Betsileo and Merina groups of the central highlands, where population densities are the highest. FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview Madagascar. Des programmes de reforestation des Hautes Terres, les plus touchées par l’érosion, et de gestion écologique des zones exploitées ont été mis en place. Other food crops include maize (mainly grown in the South and Central-East regions), cassava, sorghum (in the South), beans, groundnut, sweet potatoes and a wide variety of vegetables. Both on the highlands and on the coasts, many farmers use fishing as a complement to agriculture and livestock, but it remains characterized by the use of rudimentary tools and materials and inadequate conservation. La longue crise survenue à la suite de l’élection présidentielle de 2001 entraîne notamment une récession de l’activité industrielle atteignant 90 p. 100 dans certains secteurs. FAO. Government assistance is offered to those cultivators who prepare rice paddies instead, and those practicing tavy are fined or, in extreme cases, imprisoned. UNDP. The Madagascar dry deciduous forests have been preserved generally better than the eastern rainforests or the high central plateau, presumably due to historically less population density and scarcity of water; moreover, the present day lack of road access further limits human access. Dans l'ensemble, la nature de la grande île présente une très grande diversité de paysages et de climats permettant la pratique de différents types d'agriculture depuis les productions tropicales jusqu'à celles de climat tempéré. Moreover, the share of rice available for marketing in the rapidly growing urban areas declined from 16 or 17 percent of the total crop in the early 1970s to about 11 or 12 percent during the latter part of the decade. monde entier) est capable de sÕadapter ces conditions difficiles, et il cr e son tour les conditions n cessaires pour que dÕautres esp ces, autant v g tales quÕanimales, puissent sÕinstaller dans un tel milieu. Only 5.2 percent (3,000,000 hectares (7,400,000 acres)) of the country's total land area of 58.2 million hectares is under cultivation; of this hectarage, less than 2 million hectares are permanently cultivated. These included the removal of government subsidies on the consumer purchase price of rice in 1984 and the disbanding of the state marketing monopoly controlled by SINPA in 1985. After fertilizing, family and neighbors join in a festive trampling of the fields, using cattle if available. Le programme économique socialiste entrepris à partir de 1975 sous la présidence de Didier Ratsiraka est abandonné au milieu des années 1990 et laisse la place à une politique de privatisation et de libéralisation menée sous la conduite du Fonds monétaire international (FMI) et de la Banque mondiale. Afin de faire face à la libéralisation de l’économie et des échanges, les Occasionally, trampling takes the place of plowing altogether. Mainly involving smallholders, agriculture has seen different levels of state organisation, shifting from state control to a liberalized sector. Many families, particularly in the central highlands, have established fish ponds to raise carp, black bass, or trout. The Possessed and the Dispossessed: Spirits, Identity, and Power in a Madagascar Migrant Town, 1993. De grands chantiers publics sont lancés, en particulier dans la lutte contre la corruption, l’amélioration du réseau routier, de l’éducation et de la santé de base. [11] In 2008, captures of fishery and aquaculture production totalled 130,000 tons[12] About 35,000 tons of fishery products are exported every year. Perhaps two-thirds of the total yearly catch is consumed for subsistence; transportation costs to the capital make the price of marketed fish prohibitively expensive to other domestic consumers. The traditional livestock-raising peoples are the Bara, Sakalava, and other groups of the south and the west, where almost every family owns some zebu cattle. This WFP aid was later transformed into a food-for-work program to encourage development. Animal production is dominated by extensive livestock rearing, pigs and poultry. The export of shrimp constituted an extremely important portion of this production, providing export earnings of US$48 million in 1993. Extensive stands of ebony, rosewood and mahogany flourish on the East coast. Corruption leading to shortages of rice in a number of areas caused a scandal in 1977, and the government was forced to take over direct responsibility for rice marketing. n° 780 du 10.07.71, p. 1373) The common practice is to allow the animals to graze almost at will, and the farmers take few precautions against the popular custom of cattle stealing. Cacao is also a major export crop in the Ambanja region in the northwest. Ainsi, quand on réalise une coupe verticale dans un sol (un profil) on observe souvent des couches de couleurs différentes appelés : HORIZONS. Among livestock, zebu account for most of the cattle, while pigs, sheep and poultry are also raised. Only those surfaces that cannot be irrigated are planted in dryland crops. Most Malagasy never have an option to become doctors, sports stars, factory workers, or secretaries; they must live off the land that surrounds them, making use of whatever resources they can find. The island of Madagascar is home to almost 25,000 species of wild animals with a good number being endangered species. The census also noted that average farm size was 1.2 hectares, although irrigated rice plots in the central highlands were often 0.5 hectares. Total area of Madagascar. La production n'est destinée ni à l'industrie The main cash crops are cotton, vanilla, coffee, litchi, pepper, tobacco, groundnut, sugar cane, sisal, clove and ylang-ylang. There is also a good potential for the development of shrimps and prawns rising and for freshwater aquaculture (mainly for common carp and tilapia) in paddy fields, ponds and cages. Statistical Yearbook 2010, Resources Tables 9 and 19 and Agricultural Production Tables 10, 11 and 12. As a result, vanilla production has declined from a high of 1,500 tons in 1988 and 1989 to only 700 tons in 1993. Ce changement de stratégie ne permet pas de véritable redressement de l’économie alors que le pays est fragilisé par des troubles sociaux et politiques et par une corruption endémique. Il existe toutefois quelques cultures de rente : litchis, vanille, épices, procurant des recettes dexportation. Livestock is widespread, with about 60 percent of rural families depending on it for their income. Food crop production is the most important agriculture sub-sector accounting for around 75 percent of the cultivated area (2009). Le relief montagneux et l’érosion dramatique des sols réduisent les surfaces cultivables à 5,1 p. 100 de la superficie totale. Madagascar is one of the world’s most biologically diverse areas, but only 10 percent of its original rainforests are intact. C’est ainsi qu’environ 85% de l’ensemble de la population habite dans les zones rurales, dont 80% accaparé par les activités agricoles : agriculture, élevage, pêche, forêts… Comment professionnaliser les agriculteurs et favoriser un développement agricole & économique durable à l’échelle du territoire ? However, in recent years, there has been a resurgence of vanilla. At the other extreme are the extensive slash-and-burn methods of brush clearing and shifting cultivation in the south and the east. Ni engrais ni pesticide ne sont utilisés, et l’utilisation des OGM est interdite. Pays d’élevage, Madagascar possédait en 2006 un cheptel de 9,69 millions de bovins, 1,2 million de caprins et 1,6 million de porcs, qui restent dans le circuit national. The decreasing commercialization of rice and other commodities continued, however, suggesting that transportation bottlenecks and producer prices were undermining official distribution channels. There has been some slash-and-burn activity in the western dry forests, reducing forest cover and the soil nutrient content. Groundnut is cultivated on sandy soils in most locations and makes an important contribution to household diet and income. (2013) “Discovery Through Aquaculture.”, Last edited on 26 November 2020, at 00:57, Learn how and when to remove this template message, http://www.agriculture.gov.mg/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=160&lang=fr, http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2050e/i2050e08.pdf, http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-publications/ess-yearbook/ess-yearbook2010/yearbook2010-reources/en/, http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al556F/al556F.pdf, http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/madagascar/indexfra.stm, http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-publications/ess-yearbook/ess-yearbook2010/yearbook2010/en/, http://www.snu.mg/new/sites/pnud/article.php?article_id=748&lang=fr, http://www.fao.org/countries/55528/en/mdg/, http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_madagascar/en, "Use of Sensitivity Analysis to Evaluate Key Factors for Improving Slash-and-Burn Cultivation Systems on the Eastern Escarpment of Madagascar", 10.1659/0276-4741(2000)020[0032:UOSATE]2.0.CO;2, Ministry of Agriculture of Madagascar website, Ministry of Agriculture and Fishery of Madagascar website, FAO. The main growing season starts with the first rains in October – November. matières grasses (différents types d’huiles alimentaires) et les produits laitiers. Madagascar has seen high rates of deforestation, and the illegal extraction of highly valued timber species such as mahogany, ebony, and rosewood threatens native stands. In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, like coffee (57 thousand tons), clove (23 thousand tons), cocoa (11 thousand tons), cashew (7 thousand tons) and vanilla (3 thousand tons). This production is making up for lost revenues and potential structural decline within the ailing coffee, vanilla, and clove trade. Shortly after Ratsiraka assumed power, the government announced that holdings in excess of 500 hectares would be turned over to landless families, and in 1975 it reported that 500,000 hectares of land had been processed under the program. [14] Wood production is from natural forests and is almost entirely consumed locally for fuel and construction. The traditional slash-and-burn agriculture (tavy) together with population growth put increasing pressure on the native and very diverse flora of Madagascar. Two other export crops--cloves and vanilla—have also declined in importance from the 1980s to the 1990s. In 1992 rice production occupied about two-thirds of the cultivated area and produced 40 percent of total agricultural income, including fishing, which was next with 19 percent, livestock raising, and forestry. Statistical Yearbook 2010, Resources Table 4 Land Use. Beef exports in the early 1990s decreased because of poor government marketing practices, rundown slaughtering facilities, and inadequate veterinary services. The influence of Arabs, Indians, British, French and Chinese settlers is also evident. I/ NOTION DE PROFILS ET D’HORIZONS GEOLOGIQUE : Les différents éléments d’un sol ont rarement un emplacement stable. Les différents types d'agriculture à travers le monde Vers une agriculture durable? FAO. Approximately 99 percent of cattle are zebu cattle. As a result, Madagascar became a net importer of rice beginning in 1972, and by 1982 was importing nearly 200,000 tons per year—about 10 percent of the total domestic crop and about equal to the demand from urban customers. Madagascar is home to some of the unique and unusual species of wildlife in the whole world. Since 1988 total fish production has expanded nearly 23 percent from 92,966 tons to 114,370 tons in 1993. Madagascar Survey on Vitamin A Deficiency in Women and Children and Survey of Anemia in Schoolchildren from 6-14 Years 2000 Enquête sur la Carence en Vitamine A chez les Femmes et les Enfants et Enquête sur l’Anémie chez les Ecoliers de 6 à 14 Ans Area of land covered by forests. L’économie malgache est essentiellement agricole : l’agriculture occupe 78 p. 100 (2002) de la population active et représente 27,5 p. 100 du PIB. The main agricultural products of Madagascar include coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, cloves, cocoa, rice, cassava, beans, bananas, peanuts, and livestock products. Other food crops have witnessed small increases in production from 1985 to 1992. Other major subsistence crops include cassava, corn, and sweet potato, while coffee, cloves, vanilla and other cash crops are exported. After two or three years of cultivation, the fields are usually left fallow and are gradually covered by secondary vegetation known as savoka. En 2004, 72 p. 100 de la population malgache vivait sous le seuil de pauvreté. In general, levels of production and revenue of smallholders remain low due to a combination of multiple negative factors including land tenure insecurity, weak organisation of the agricultural filières, low intensity inputs use, no mechanization, and low soil productivity due to land degradation (especially erosion in the highlands). The irrigation systems use all available water, which flows through narrow canals for considerable distances. How many of each type of land belongs to each man live in the country. The vegetation of the country is highly contrasting with a notable distinction between the west, east, and center. From 1973 to 1977, one major parastatal agency, the Association for the National Interest in Agricultural Products (Société d'Intérêt National des Produits Agricoles—SINPA), had a monopoly in collecting, importing, processing, and distributing a number of commodities, most notably rice. During this same period, corn production increased from 140,000 tons to 165,000 tons, sweet potato production increased from 450,000 tons to 487,000 tons, and bananas dropped slightly from 255,000 tons to 220,000 tons. However, the Ratsiraka regime failed to restore self-sufficiency in rice production (estimated at between 2.8 million to 3.0 million tons), and rice imports rose again in 1990. The evolution of rice production—the main staple food and the dominant crop—offers insight into some problems associated with agricultural production that were compounded by the Ratsiraka years. Fishing is popular, and aquaculture has grown in importance. It is the fourth largest island in the world. The cleared area is usually planted with mountain rice and corn. The state of food and agriculture 2010–11 Annex 3, Table A5. Livestock production is limited in part because of traditional patterns of livestock ownership that have hampered commercialization. Overall, meat production was estimated at 251,000 tons; milk, 530,000 tons; and hen eggs, 19,000 tons. Pour compléter les renseignements mentionnés ci-dessus vous pouvez vous référer à la loi N° 2003-0036 portant sur les sociétés commerciales à Madagascar. Even those who cultivate wet paddies often practice tavy on the side. In February 1994, Cyclone Geralda hit Madagascar just as the rice harvesting was to start and had a serious impact on the self-sufficiency goal. A switch to slash-and-char would considerably advance preservation, while the ensuing biochar would also greatly benefit the soil if returned to it while mixed with compostable biomass such as crop residues. Il s'agit d'une agriculture productiviste recherchant essentielle ment des rendements élevés afin de rester compétitf face à la To promote domestic production and reduce foreign imports of rice, the Ratsiraka regime enacted a series of structural adjustment reforms during the 1980s. Cassava, the second major food crop in terms of area planted (almost everywhere on the island) and probably in quantity consumed, increased in production from 2.14 million tons in 1985 to 2.32 million tons in 1992. The long-range strategy of the Ratsiraka regime was to create collective forms of farm management, but not necessarily of ownership. Agriculture accounts for almost 30 per cent of GDP, 40 per cent of export earnings and employs more than 70 per cent of the labour force. Specialization is measured using RCA, an index that takes the ratio between Madagascar observed and expected exports in each product. Land area, water area. If much anticipated reforms to Air Madagascar are implemented the tourism sector can expect to grow. Agricultural production is not constrained by lack of cultivable land. Madagascar has seen high rates of deforestation, and the illegal extraction of highly valued timber species such as mahogany, ebony, and rosewood threatens native stands. The cropping calendar greatly varies from region to region, according to the very different climatic conditions, soils and altitude.[2]. The government significantly reorganized the agricultural sector of the economy beginning in 1972. Ils sont souvent entrainés par l’eau d’infiltration et peuvent s’accumuler à des niveaux différents dans le sol. In the more advanced areas, the seedlings are raised in protected seedbeds and transplanted later. Traditionnellement peu commercialisés, les produits de la pêche (144 900 en 2005) — en particulier les crevettes — tendent à constituer une source de revenus d’exportation de plus en plus importante. [5] Irrigation would be possible over 1.5 million hectares of which about 1.1 million are somehow irrigated, with wide areas needing rehabilitation and investments[6]. For example, Newcastle disease is a major ubiquitous problem for poultry, Anthrax affects cattle, and Classical and African swine fever affect pigs. Les principales cultures sont le riz (3 485 000 t en 2006), le manioc (2 358 775 t), les haricots, le maïs (293 464 t), les patates douces (526 238 t), les pommes de terre (220 000 t) et le taro (200 000 t). Cotton traditionally has been the second major export crop, but most output during the early 1980s was absorbed by the local textile industry. Dry-season cultivation in empty streambeds is practiced largely on the western coast and in the southwest and is called baiboho. FAO. [7] Rice is the staple food, covering 1.34 million hectares throughout the country – with the exception of some semi-arid areas in the South and in the South-West – under both rain-fed and irrigated systems. [10] Overall, the performances of this sub-sector are poor, with the exception of some filières (milk, small animals). In fact, out of the 41 million hectares of agricultural land, only 3.5 million hectares are cultivated annually. ouest; les couches sédimentaires des vastes plaines et des dunes sont pendues de 2° à 10° vers l'ouest. Les sorciers de la pleine lune, 1990. These practises have taken perhaps the greatest toll on land fertility since the end of French rule, mainly due to overpopulation pressures. This would lead to the creation of terra preta, a soil among the richest on the planet and the only one known to regenerate itself (although how this happens exactly is still a mystery). When practiced repeatedly, or without intervening fallow periods, the nutrient poor soils may be exhausted or eroded to an unproductive state. Prices within the coffee market gradually declined during the remainder of the 1980s, and earnings reached a low of US$28 million in 1991 although they rebounded to US$58 million in 1992. Avec Disney+ retrouvez du divertissement en continu par les créateurs des studios Disney, Pixar, Marvel, Star Wars et National Geographic. In the Antandroy and some Mahafaly areas, however, the main staples of subsistence--cassava, corn, beans, and sorghum—are also grown around the villages in permanent fields enclosed by hedges. The nascent carbon trading market may further bring direct economical benefits for the operators, since charcoal is a prime sequester of carbon and burying it spread in small pieces, as terra preta requires, is a most efficient guarantee that it will remain harmless for many thousands of years. En 2016, le produit national brut (PNB) était de 9,99 milliards de dollars, soit un PNB par habitant de 280 dollars. Plan Cadre des Nations Unies pour l’Assistance au Développement UNDAF Madagascar 2008–2011, Juin 2007. Madagascar is among the world's poorest countries. Similarly, the still state-regulated vanilla industry (state-regulated prices for coffee and cloves were abolished in 1988–89) found itself under considerable financial pressure after 1987 because Indonesia reentered the international market as a major producer and synthetic competitors emerged in the two major markets of the United States and France. The dry brush or grassland is burned off, and drought-resistant sorghum or corn is sown in the ashes. Madagascar ranked #16 for agricultural land > sq. There are more unique species of plants and animals living in Madagascar than on the entire African continent and more than eighty percent of its spe… The cattle generally are slaughtered only for ceremonial occasions, but these are so frequent that the per capita meat consumption among the cattle herders is very high. The fields surrounding the typical Betsileo village often represent a checkerboard of tiny plots in different stages of the crop cycle. undo Reset visualizations Manure or fertilizer is then spread over the field. L’AGRICULTURE À MADAGASCAR SUR LES HAUTS PLATEAUX. Statistical Yearbook 2010, Agricultural Production Tables 1 to 9. Pays d’élevage, Madagascar possédait en 2006 un cheptel de 9,69 millions de bovins, 1,2 million de caprins et 1,6 million de porcs, qui restent dans le circuit national. Agriculture is the main sector of the economy and employs about 80% of the country's population. "Madagascar" " Ecrit par Emmanuel Buchot et Encarta. The inefficient system of agricultural supply and marketing, which since 1972 increasingly had been placed under direct state control, was a major factor inhibiting more efficient and expanded rice production. Some rice paddies cover no more than a few square meters. Several export crops are also important to Madagascar's economy. The Merina territory includes some areas where land is more plentiful, and broader areas permit less laborious means of irrigation and terracing. Cassava is an important component of the smallholder's risk reduction strategy because it is drought tolerant and resistant to disease. The culture of Madagascar reflects the origins of the people Malagasy people in Southeast Asia and East Africa. The dominant form of land use, however, is shifting cultivation by the slash-and-burn method, known as tavy. The Betsileo use a variety of local species that can be sown at different times, employing irrigation to grow some varieties in the dry season and waiting for the rainy season to plant others. Madagascar has a high level of specialization in Vanilla (3.39k), Raw Nickel (162), Graphite (160), Cobalt (157), and Titanium Ore (152).

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